Blog 10.1 And 10.2

1. Salt, sugar, and methyl alcohol. They're soluble in water.
2. Acetone, wax, and lighter fluid. They're insoluble in water.
3. Ethanol is less polar than water.
4. Yes, I would expect ethanol to dissolve in water. I don't think hexane would dissolve in water.
5. NH3- Polar, Dissolves in water, Doesn't dissolve in hexane
    I2- Non polar, Doesn't dissolve in water, Dissolves in hexane
    HCL- Polar, Dissolves in water, Doesn't dissolve in hexane
6. Because water is polar, polar molecules will dissolve in it. Hexane is non polar, so they won't dissolve in it.
Enrichment: When CO2 dissolves into water, it happens slowly on the surface of the water. The CO2 crosses from the air into the liquid. It then reacts with the water. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 If this reaction didn't happen, all aquatic life would die because fish and plants underwater take the O2 and CO2 out of the H2O. 

10.2 Section


The temperature made a big difference in how fast the KCIO3 dissolved. In order to make it dissolve faster, you need to increase the temperature. Doing this makes particles have less attraction to each other, move faster, and have more effective collisions. Unsaturated = Little to no solute. Saturated = Max amount of solute. Super Saturated = More than the max amount of solute. To make rock candy, boil water and sugar in a pan. Mix them until the sugar is dissolved in the water, making a saturated solution. When cooled, the solution turns super saturated. This is what forms the crystalline structure you see in rock candy.

Blog 9,2: LeChatelier's Principle

1. The system shifted to the right, so more of the heat energy went to the product.

3a. It is insoluble.
  b. A precipitate was formed and the solution became cloudy.
  c. The system shifted to the left, because the concentration of AgNO3 increased. The solution turned from purple to pink.

5. Since the color became darker, it indicates a shift to the right.

6. As soon as the bottle is opened, all of the pressure is released because it isn't a closed system anymore.

Enrichment

1. Chickens pant out CO2 gas.
2. When the CO2 decreases, the equilibrium shifts to the right.
3, It decreases.
4. Panting results in thinner eggshells because all of the CO2 that could be used to make eggshells was used for panting.
5. They could give the chickens carbonated water. This changes the equilibrium so it shifts to the left, giving the chickens stronger eggshells.

Blog 9.1 Heat Of Solution

1. Our solution process was exothermic, because heat flows from the system to its surroundings.
2. 9.3% Error
3. A possible source of error could be that we didn't stir the solution enough.
4A. If the room temperature was colder, some of the heat would be lost in the air, so delta H would be less.
4B. There would be less of a reaction, so the temperature wouldn't increase as much and delta H would be less.
4C. There would be more of a reaction because there is less water for all of the heat to transfer to.

Blog 8.1 Hydrocarbon Properties and Uses

Crude oil is naturally occurring oil. It's made of mostly carbon and hydrogen, mixed with mud and other organic material.

Crude oil is refined by being boiled up to 900 degrees Fahrenheit. It can then be blended with other chemicals to make other products.

The larger the hydrocarbon, the higher the boiling point. More atoms means more electrons, which means more attractions.

In 2008 alone, the United States produced an estimated 4.9 million barrels of crude oil per day and imported 9.8 million barrels per day from other countries. This oil is drilled out of the ground by a Drilling Rig. This machine creates holes, usually called boreholes. These drills can either be small enough to be moved by one person, or so large that they can dig through thousands of meters of earth.
       These drills also have a mud pump to suck up all of the drilled dirt for cooling. Anywhere can be drilled, from flat land, to hills or mountains, and even underwater. The drills can be powered by many things, including steam, electricity, hydraulics, and gas. (kind of weird how a machine that gets oil uses oil)
              There is lots of controversy on excessive oil drilling. It's positive because our country can get our own oil instead of having to buy it from other countries. It can be negative because of damage to the environment. For example, the BP oil spill that happened not too long ago.

Lab 7.3 Reactivity of Metals

1. Elements that are in the same group have more similarities in their properties than those in the same period. For example, Potassium and Lithium both reacted with air and produced gas in water.

2. Elements are very similar in the same group because they have the same number of valence electrons, and all want to lose/gain the same number of electrons.

3. When a sodium atom reacts with a non metal, sodium loses one electron and gets a charge of +1. This now makes it a positive ion. The electron configuration of sodium after reacting is the same as the noble gas neon. Sodium becomes more stable after reacting because it doesn't want to lose or gain anymore electrons, and has a full valence electron shell.

Lab 7.2 Periodic Trends Activity

Heavier atoms have more protons and electrons. The protons and electrons are attracted to eachother, so more protons and neutrons means more attraction within an atom. This will make the atom more closely packed together, making the radii smaller.

If an atom is larger, it means there are more electrons in the way of the proton. This decreases the positive attraction, making it harder to attract electrons and decreasing electronegativity.

It is harder to take electrons from non metals as opposed to metals because non metals want to gain electrons, as metals want to lose them.

Nuclear charge is the positive charge an electron has in an atom.


Its called the Periodic Table because there are trends that occur periodically.

Blog 7.1 Flame Tests and Emission Spectra

The spectra of an element is called its fingerprint because they're all different. More specifically, it's their electron configuration when coming out of the excited state into the ground state.

Once a certain amount of energy is absorbed by an element, an electron can jump up a shell. This is called the excited state. It's very unstable in this state and can't stay this way for very long. When it goes back to the ground state, energy is released in the form of light. This pattern of light released is unique to each element and is called a spectra.

Example: 2-8-8 (ground state) 2-8-7-1 (excited state)

Enrichment: Helium was named after Helios, the Greek sun god. A redshift is when light seen is shifted to the red end of the spectrum. Sir Edwin Hubble created Hubbles law, which states all objects observed in space are found to have a wave length shift that correlates with earth.